Native Americans: the First Families of Louisiana on the Eve of French Settlement
A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History, 1699–1877
Native Americans: the First Families of Louisiana on the Eve of French Settlement
A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History, 1699–1877
At the time of French settlement in 1700, many Indian groups lived in Louisiana, which then encompassed the Mississippi Valley and Gulf Coast region. These groups ranged from small clans of hunters to large communities of farmers. Several Louisiana societies established extensive cultural and economic exchange networks and traded material goods, belief systems, language patterns, technology, and recreational practices with other native groups in North America and probably even in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, and later with European settlers.

Societies
As in most Indian societies, Louisiana Indians carried out tasks defined along gender lines. Men ruled and defended the tribal communities and hunted and constructed buildings and canoes with tools they made. Women cared for children and the elderly, planted crops, and made clothes and utensils, which they used to prepare foods and decorate their homes and religious centers. One early French settler, Antoine Simon Le Page du Pratz, observed that "most of the labor and fatigue falls to the share of the women," while Indian men had "a great deal of more spare time than the women."
Hunting was economically pivotal as a source of food, clothing, tools, and jewelry. Indians stalked deer, bear, bison, and a multitude of smaller game animals. When Europeans came to Louisiana, they noted that the Natchez in particular practiced the "communal surround." Upon sighting a deer, about a hundred men formed an open crescent. They drove the deer from side to side until it dropped to the ground exhausted.
Beliefs and Practices
Though their specific beliefs and practices varied, Indian religions focused on placing humans in harmony with nature and the world. The Natchez, Acolapissa, Caddo, Houma, Taensa, and Tunica constructed sacred buildings, some of which they raised on truncated pyramidal earth mounds, comparable to Mesoamerican temples.
Louisiana Indians honored their dead with celebrations of dance, song, and food. Jean-Bernard Bossu, an early French colonial observer, described a Louisiana Indian celebration that closely resembled the European All Saints' Day:
"Each family gathers at the cemetery and weeps as it visits the boxes containing the bones of its ancestors. After leaving the cemetery, the Indians indulge in a great feast.... In the early part of November they have an important holiday called the feast of the dead or the feast of souls."
Homes, Clothing & Recreation
There were no tepees in Louisiana. Rather, Louisiana's first families lived and worshipped in palmetto-thatched houses, beehive-shaped grass houses, wood frame houses, and wattle-and-daub houses and temples. Women prepared and cooked the food that they gathered and grew and that the men hunted and fished. Louisiana Indians boiled, roasted, baked, and parched their food. Native American women also manufactured all the clothing. Popular clothing materials were feathers, bark, cloth, and hides, as well as furs from deer, bear, bison, and smaller game animals. Both men and women fashioned such body ornaments as necklaces, bracelets, armbands, rings, and ear and nose plugs from locally available shells and pearls and imported copper.
Like Europeans and Africans of the same period, the natives of Louisiana amused themselves with various games and sporting events. Long before Europeans arrived in the Mississippi Valley, Louisiana Indians gambled on the outcome of sporting events and games of chance. Players and spectators alike risked their earnings on all sorts of games and sports—wrestling, foot racing, archery, dice, and toli, a game adopted by the French and called raquette. Dancing and music were often a part of these tribal sporting events, as well as feasts and religious ceremonies. With music in the background, Louisiana Indians performed as groups, pairs, and individuals.
For more information about Native Americans in Louisiana, we encourage you to visit Louisiana's Division of Archaeology website.
A Medley of Cultures: Louisiana History, 1699–1877
Online Exhibition
The Louisiana Purchase
Territory to Statehood
The Battle of New Orleans
Disease, Death, & Mourning in Antebellum Louisiana
Agrarian Life in Antebellum Louisiana
Urban Life in Antebellum Louisiana
The Civil War
Reconstruction: A State Divided
Reconstruction: Change and Continuity in Daily Life